New Products and Applications news

The use of IDDSI manual methods

To ensure that dysphagia patients receive the proper consistency of food/drink, the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) developed a standardised international terminology and description for texture-modified foods and thickened fluids. While the IDDSI framework provides a standardised texture description (Level 0 to Level 7) and is now widely acknowledged as an international standard, IDDSI texture level testing and assessment are qualitative and subjective. These approaches were designed primarily for use by care workers. However, they are not optimised for use by food manufacturers for product quality control.

Imitative instrumental methods of IDDSI manual methods

The major goal of developing this apparatus was to create a set of quantitative instrumental procedures that best matched the IDDSI levels as an objective framework and best imitated the manual IDDSI methods.

For each category covered by this equipment (Levels 3–7), IDDSI measuring methodologies were developed to evaluate texture grades of these samples on a Texture Analyser:

• Fork pressure test
• Fork drip test
• Fork cut test
• Spoon pressure test
• Spoon tilt test

Why we developed instrumental methods that imitate IDDSI manual methods?

By using an objective instrumental method, any potential errors caused by subjective manual testing can be removed. A Texture Analyser can repeatedly perform consistent tests at the same speed, compression distances and scooping depths that are required. The superior sensitivity of the instrument can accurately measure the differences between two similar samples that might otherwise be difficult to assess by hand.

Automatic analysis and IDDSI grading can be presented in spreadsheet format. This enables faster sample throughput and removes any requirement to make human judgement. The ability to generate internal frameworks of numbers for each IDDSI funnel category means common methodologies can be shared across sites/labs for comparative testing.

Discover what published work has already used a Texture Analyser for dysphagia research and the development of texture-modified foods.

To find out more about how each of these tests work and testing foods for dysphagia, visit our IDDSI webpage or request a brochure.

Penetration is the method used to measure consistency which is the resistance a sample exhibits to deformation by an applied force.

A Penetrometer is a device that provides a rapid empirical method for measuring the denseness, compaction, consistency or penetrability of a wide variety of solid, semisolid, food and non-food products. These typically include soil, agricultural produce, or semisolid petroleum products in the pharmaceutical (such as creams and ointments), civil engineering, agriculture, geology and scientific exploration industries.

It is a simple device that was invented in 1846 and typically measures the resistance of a substance to penetration to a given depth by a weight-driven cone or needle of a specific shape by gravity at a specific temperature. This penetration is indicated in penetration units of 0.1mm or directly in millimetres which allows a rating of the plasticity or consistency of the sample. Over time, many standard methods have developed that use this principle but vary in the penetrometer cone/needle geometry, time and load applied.

The Plus range of Texture Analysers can accommodate a Penetrometer unit to provide this measurement and extend the range of applications for the instrument.

How the Penetrometer works

Typically, a standard cone or needle is automatically released from the penetrometer rig and allowed to free-fall into a contained sample for 5 seconds (or a different specified cone release interval) at a constant temperature after which time the cone is automatically retained. The depth of penetration of the cone or needle into the sample is measured and recorded in mm, PU (Penetrometer) units along with the additional measurement of apparent yield stress (σapp). The deeper the cone/needle sinks into the material, the softer the material is.

Typical graph

The above graph shows the cone release interval 5 seconds.

Typical spreadsheet in Exponent Connect software

Penetrometer probe

The hollow Penetrometer Probe and shaft for the European Pharmacopoeia 2.9.9 method is 150g (+/- 0.05g) and made from brass with a steel tip. This cone geometry and total weight is also in accordance with cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum which are described in ASTM Test Methods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.

This rig and cone also complies with the following standard methods:
IP 50
IP 179
BS 2000-50
BS 2000-179
ISO 2137
DIN 51804

Measuring consistency – a comparison to consider

Penetrometry is a simple method that has existed long before the evolution of computer/electronic assisted possibilities of measuring consistency. It is a device that many standards can call upon and in many industries (such as petrolatum or bitumen) those standards have become a fixed framework for measurement with a reluctance to adapt to new digitised solutions.

This is a well-known case that we have encountered many times over the last few decades and one that we respect. However, for those industries or newer companies that are not bound by standard method for their sample there are published papers such as for the testing of butter that compare the TA.XTplus Texture Analyser (with a range of different fixture options) with a penetrometer to show a high correlation. Findings concluded that: The cone penetration test is undoubtedly the fastest and the simplest method of analysing the textural properties of butter. Cone penetrometers are relatively cheap, and they generate repeatable results if sample temperature is carefully controlled. The results of this study indicate that the values of the textural properties of butter measured with different analysis systems can be compared. Penetration tests conducted with the use of a cone probe or a cylinder probe are rapid and easy to perform, and they can effectively replace shear tests.

Find out more by visiting our Penetrometer product page

Determining the size, shape, and density of an avian egg has always presented a problem. The measurements require an individual’s visual perception to determine the data points. The smooth surface and ovoid shape of the shell makes using micrometers to determine shape index difficult. Placement of micrometers varies by each individual. Historically, determining the specific density of an egg has required the egg be placed in saline solutions of known concentrations to assess at which concentration the egg ‘floats’. Again, this measurement required the visual perception of when an egg is ‘floating’. Objective determination of egg shape, volume, and density can now be found less than 100 seconds per egg using the Volscan Profiler thanks to a new found solution to the way eggs can be supported vertically in the instrument. The new support solutions that do not require the egg to be pierced (as is the usual manner of supporting samples), hold the egg in place to allow it to be rotated and scanned accurately with a laser to recreate a 3D representation of the sample without compromise to accuracy. Egg shape measurements such as volume, egg length, egg maximum width, shape factor and percent length at maximum width, can then be obtained within the Volscan Profiler software and retained for comparison with future sample scans.

Samples are held in place by the support of a weighted shaft and the addition of user-replaceable mini glue dots. A choice of support solutions (caps) are included in the kit depending upon the sample to be supported. The chosen cap is mounted on the end of the shaft which has a 50g weight fixed to the shaft. An additional 50g and 3 x 50g weights are provided as options depending upon the support required.

In order to mount eggs with perfect vertical alignment, we have also developed a device that holds eggs of varying size (from quail to goose) and presents the sample to the supports. This is necessary if accuracy of shape and dimension measurement is important as a sample that is misaligned will result in compromised results.

Researchers from Purdue University have already investigated the assessment of the shape of the avian egg: Assessing the shape of the avian egg. Their measurements include egg length, maximum width, shape index and length at maximum width. They found that repeated measurement of the same egg produces less than 1% variability in measured outcomes. They reported that egg shape and volume information from the Volscan Profiler can be utilised by poultry breeders, producers, and processors, as well as, housing and processing equipment and egg carton manufacturers.

The USDA have also already highlighted the importance of such measurements in:

Hen genetic strain and extended cold storage influence on physical egg quality from cage-free aviary housing system

They conducted a full profile of physical quality measurements using their VolScan Profiler to determine volume of shell, total length, maximum width, and percent length at maximum width to more accurately indicate egg shape than shape index.

Similarly, researchers from University of Kentucky have already been using their Volscan Profiler for such measurements in: Evaluation of Current and Emerging Techniques for Measuring Eggshell Integrity of the Domestic Fowl

The new support solutions will only serve to make the measurement of egg shape parameters easier to perform with more secure location of samples.

According to the USDA regulation, eggs can be divided into three Shape Index (SI) categories. The shape index is proportional to width and inversely proportional to length, based on this shape index the rate at which eggs grow longer is faster than the rate at which they grow shorter as they grow older. SI<72 and SI 72-76 shape index eggs were found to be more spherical than the SI>76 and the unit mass of the eggs differed significantly when they were categorised. Hen's eggs with a shape index of less than 72% were shown to be heavier than those with a higher shape index.

The physical properties of the egg play a significant influence in the design of appropriate equipment for eggshell hatching, usage, transportation, processing, and storage. The natural variety in egg form could be used as a criterion for designing food processing equipment for cracking and separating egg components. Shape index, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, surface area, volume, weight, thickness, density, and force are the key physical properties of the egg. Hardness, brittleness, adhesiveness, tensile strength, compression force, and other properties of materials were also measured with their texture analyser.

Other research where egg compression has been performed:

Compositions and Methods for Improving Resistance to Breakage and Eggshell Strength – A patent recently released by Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

Effect of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol with Different Vitamin D3 Levels in the Hens Diet in the Rearing Period on Growth Performance, Bone Quality, Egg Production, and Eggshell Quality – by researchers from Sichuan Agricultural University

Impact of egg handling and conditions during extended storage on egg quality – by scientists from the US National Poultry Research Center

Survey of egg quality in commercially available table eggs – by researchers from California State University

The solutions for holding eggs have also been found to be the perfect for other samples such as rocks and spark plugs where it is again not possible to insert pins into the sample in order to support it.

Find out more about these and other solutions for the Volscan Profiler.

Interested in how to measure 14 egg quality parameters in 4 minutes using a Texture Analyser? Find out more

Mucoadhesion is the process by which a drug delivery device is designed to stick to a part of the gut or other mucosae, thus delivering drug to a precise site in the body for an extended period. This gives more effective treatment of some diseases and can also protect drugs from some of the harsh conditions in the body. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are used to treat several conditions in the mouth and have been investigated as treatments for stomach ulcers and cancer. The majority of infections affecting man and animals take place or start in mucous membranes. The ability to retain pharmacologically-active agents for extended periods of time on any mucosal epithelium, including those of the nose, mouth, rectum or vagina confers several potential therapeutic advantages.

Measuring mucoadhesion

The TA.XTplusC Texture Analyser has emerged as a useful tool for measuring bioadhesion bond strength. The determination of the adhesive properties of pharmaceutical dosage forms is important in their development and several methods have been developed for these measurements. Tests of solid dosage forms, semi-solids such as ointments and gels and even systems which solidify on contact with the target organ can be performed using alternative measuring probes. The measurement of adhesive properties has already been reviewed for transdermal adhesive products and the same adhesive test guidelines and curve analysis techniques apply for the measurement of mucoadhesion.

Developed at the University of Strathclyde, and since adopted by a number of groups in Britain and Europe, the Mucoadhesion Rig offers a number of advantages over systems previously used for the assessment of mucoadhesion. Where conditions close to those found in vivo are required, the Mucoadhesion Rig provides the ability to set-up the tissue samples in a vessel of temperature regulated gastric fluid and lower a probe with the attached solid or semi-solid dosage form onto the tissue.

Mucoadhesion Rig with heater stirrer on the TA.XTplus Texture Analyser; Gel muchoadhesion probe.

Porcine mucosa is the membrane typically used for bioadhesive measurements. As the tissue itself is often inconsistent, the sample preparation does demand consistent harvesting, trimming, storing and environmental conditioning of the sample so as not to pose a barrier to the experimentation required to optimise the test methods. Artificial membranes have also been used as these simplify the sample preparation difficulties when using biological membrane.

Sample preparation and testing method techniques, however, vary depending upon the nature of the sample. The following points aim to provide an understanding of the alternative sample preparation methods, probe options and necessary method adjustments to assist in the design of custom tests, particularly for mucoadhesion testing.

Sample preparation and testing alternatives

The most common probe sizes and dimensions for bioadhesive testing are acrylic or similar cylinders with a diameter of 7-10 mm. Solid materials such as tablets and films (of standard section size) are usually attached to the underside of the upper testing probe using cyanoacrylate adhesive or double-sided tape.

The probe approaches the sample at a chosen speed and applies a chosen force to the mucosa for a chosen period of time so as to achieve a good bond between the two surfaces. After this time the probe withdraws from the mucosa and in doing so the adhesive force to detach the two surfaces is measured.

For the assessment of powders, the application of the powder can be performed by immersing the probe (with adhesive tape attached to the underside) into a powder bed and thereafter gently shaking the probe to remove any excess, to achieve a monolayer of particles. When selecting a double-sided tape the thinnest and stiffest tape possible should be chosen since the material must not be allowed to flex or loosen during debonding.

Samples of gastrospheres have been successfully tested by previously immersing in simulated gastric fluid for predetermined time intervals, covering both the probe and the test platform with simulated gastric membrane and measuring the bioadhesion (the force of detachment) of samples after applying a force of 2N.

The use of bioadhesive polymers in the formulation of dosage forms for mucosal drug delivery is receiving increasing attention. Researchers Skulason, Kristmundsdottir and Holbrook in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Iceland developed a technique for evaluation of the adhesion of hydrogel compositions. The Gel Mucoadhesion Probe [B] consists of an inverted cone shape at its end which has machined concentric grooves. These grooves encourage the attachment of a controlled volume of hydrogel sample to the probe surface area. For constant gel volume application the use of a syringe is recommended. A PTFE collar is supplied to support larger volumes of hydrogel loading which is removed when the gel is set.

Where the mucosa is held in ambient conditions without suspension in, for example, gastric fluid, a fixed volume of buffer is generally pipetted onto the mucosa to standardise the hydration prior to testing.

Typical properties that can be obtained from a texture analysis graph and that are quickly obtained from the use of a macro in Exponent software:

Typical Texture Analyser graph with annotated properties of a mucoadhesion test

The success of the measurement of mucoadhesion/bioadhesion can be demonstrated in the latest round of published paper examples that use the Texture Analyser for its measurement:

Role of mucoadhesive polymers in retention of toothpaste in the oral cavity

Texture Analysis and Bioadhesive of a Hydrogel as Platforms for Herbal Gel in Sports Massage

Development of mucoadhesive modified kappa‐carrageenan/pectin patches for controlled delivery of drug in the buccal cavity

Design of novel orotansmucosal vaccine-delivery platforms using artificial intelligence

A mussel-inspired wet-adhesion hydrogel with hemostasis and local anti-inflammation for managing the development of acute wounds

Herpes labialis: a new possibility for topical treatment with well-elucidated drugs

For more information on the measurement of Mucoadhesion, request our article.

We are often asked why there are so many different blade fixture options available from Stable Micro Systems.

Our range of blades vary considerably in size, material, thickness and sharpness. In general they are used to measure the Bite/Cutting Force of products which in some instances can relate to their ‘Toughness’. The following guidelines may help in clarifying the potential use of each.

Blade Set (HDP/BS)

This is the most common choice for a cutting test and consists of reversible knife edge or guillotine edge and a Warner-Bratzler blade. Whilst universal in its application the blade is not sharp and may therefore ‘compress’ fragile samples before the cutting action takes place.

Warner Bratzler Blade Set with ‘V’ slot blade (HDP/WBV)

As dimensionally specified for use in the USDA Standard for meat testing.

Warner Bratzler Blade Set with ‘Rectangular slot blade (HDP/WBR)

As dimensionally specified for use in the Danish Honikel method for meat testing.

Textural parameters results of spaghetti for different cooking times using a knife blade (AACC method).

Light Knife Blades (A/LKBF and A/LKB-F2)

Specifically dimensioned for use when performing the AACC Methods 16-50.01 or 66-52.01: Cooked Pasta Quality/Firmness. These blades do not tend to be used for any other method or sample type.

They specify the use of a knife blade, machined to a 1mm flat across the cutting edge, which measures the force required to cut five strands of spaghetti (or approximately equivalent width of other pasta forms) positioned adjacent to one another.

Firmness is defined in this method as the work in grams-centimetre required to shear one piece of pasta (e.g. one strand of spaghetti). The maximum cutting force per unit area is also used as a measure of spaghetti firmness and the results of both of these tests have been found to correlate well with data obtained by subjective cooking tests.

Light Knife Blade (A/LKB)

A small Perspex blade which may be a cheaper alternative to the standard Blade Set. Due to its material it may not withstand testing of hard products and can be more easily damaged if not cared for correctly.

Typical texture analysis graph produced from the cutting of cooked puff pastry showing a laminated structure, made possible by the use of a Craft Blade.

Craft Knife (A/CKB)

Due to the sharpness of the blade, hard products can be cut whilst providing a ‘disposable’ blade option if blade blunting is of concern. The blade thickness enables precision cutting of very small samples, for example seeds or nuts, or shearing without compression of very soft or brittle samples such as laminated pastry. However due to its limited size only samples of up to 50mm wide can be tested and the depth of cutting is also limited.

A graph showing numerous peaks and troughs (as shown here) reflects the shearing or breaking of groups of pastry layers (lamellae), which would otherwise be lost using a standard blade set.

Extended Craft Knife (A/ECB)

This blade was introduced due to the popularity of the standard craft knife and the necessity to use a thin disposable craft blade for the cutting of deeper and wider samples than could previously be accommodated. Samples of up to 100mm wide can be tested.

Graphs produced from 4 different types of al dente pasta: green penne, white rigatoni, red penne and white shells using the Mini Kramer Shear Cell

Kramer Shear Cell (HDP/KS5/10) or Mini Ottawa-Kramer Shear Cell (HDP/MK05)

Different shapes and sizes of product present a sample which may be variable in configuration. Repeatable orientation for testing can be difficult when tested individually with a Blade Set.

A Kramer Shear Cell or Mini Ottawa/Kramer Shear Cell provides the most suitable device for the testing of a non-uniform sample or one with variable geometry. A number of pieces or weight of sample is sheared ‘in bulk’ and the result is an average of the forces required to cut through the sample. The area under the curve is usually calculated and termed the ‘work of shear’ – a larger value indicating a firmer or tougher sample. 

The Mini Kramer Shear Cell is ideal for the testing of small sample pieces and reduces the volume of sample required for testing. Smaller forces are produced during the test whereas the Kramer Shear Cell may necessitate the use of a TA.HDplus Texture Analyser if the testing force exceeds 50kg.

Volodkevich Bite Jaws (HDP/VB)

This fixture was developed to imitate the action of an incisor tooth biting through food. However, its popularity has declined due to its size which limits the sample cross-section of 1cm² unless the upper ‘tooth’ fixture is used on its own.

Fracture Wedges (A/WEG)

Fracture Wedges provides a means to assess cutting from both the top and bottom of the sample via an upper and lower wedge each with a cutting angle of 30° and 30mm width. The maximum sample width is however limited to 30mm.

Triple Ring Cutting System (A/TRCS)

This Cutting System allows the determination of the textural properties of small non-uniform samples in smaller bulk quantities and thereby requiring lower forces. Concentric cutting rings provide a large cutting surface area in a relatively small device.

For more information visit the Cutting / Shearing attachments page

What is an actuation test?

An actuation test measures the process that occurs when a mechanical device operates. For example, the release of a hairspray aerosol, a liquid soap hand pump, an inhaler barrel or a keyboard or camera button. It is a non-destructive test, simply causing a device to function in the way in which it was designed and used to measure every aspect of interest of this function.

Why are actuation tests important?

Many characteristics of actuation can be measured but in the case of an aerosol, hand pump or inhaler, the main parameter required is the force used to expel its contents and the travel (distance) that occurs during actuation.

Dispensers - Pumps and Aerosols

Measuring the force to actuate and sample delivery weight

Pump dispensers come in many shapes and sizes, designed to dispense a specific quantity of product with each pump. They are operated by a finger press, with the user pushing down to build up pressure on a piston within. As with any packaging, changes in design occur to keep up with visual trends or to suit certain user groups such as children or the elderly. In these groups, users can find a sufficient force application and correct pump direction difficult to achieve without tipping or moving the dispenser. The same principles apply to aerosol dispensers. An actuation test using a Texture Analyser is useful for such products to assess these issues. A hemispherical probe is most commonly-used as representative of a finger press, providing an imitative test.

For packaging that dispenses a sample upon actuation, the use of a Dynamic Integrated Balance provides an additional high speed weighing parameter. During the test, the deposited sample is simultaneously weighed while force, distance and time data are collected. Post-test, users can view the product quantity and deposition rate on a second axis alongside force data.

Typical graph showing actuation force measurement comparison of dispensers

Metered Dose Inhalers

Actuation mechanisms are often used for drug delivery. For example, a metered dose inhaler is commonly-used to treat lung conditions such as asthma, delivering a precise drug dose into the lung with each pump. Patients rely on this precision and often need the inhaler to provide them with their medication at a time when their physical strength is low.

The actuation properties of an inhaler can be measured using a Texture Analyser, which imitates the downward movement of the finger, measuring the force needed to actuate the spray and administer the dose. This is a simple test and uses a specially designed Metered Dose Inhaler Test Rig.

The metering valve, which is assessed using this test, is a critical component of a finished metered-dose inhaler. Metering valve systems can be affected by alterations to design, and product performance is dependent on the interaction between the elastomeric components and the drug formulation. Re-designs of the valve are often necessary after changes to the formulation, such as the use of a new propellant system, to ensure the drug can still be delivered with minimum difficulty.

Typical measurement of a metered dose inhaler

Computer Keyboard

During an objective test on a keyboard, the switches are primarily under investigation, and these are actuated by pressing keys. During a key actuation test, the keyboard is placed on the base of the Texture Analyser and a domical probe used to press and retract a key in a controlled manner. Each key may be tested in this way.

The key’s force-distance profile gives information on the force required to overcome the ‘tactile bump’, as well as the distance at which this force peak occurs. Electronic actuation can happen at any point on the key’s travel. To record this point, Exponent software is set up to record an ‘event’ when the key is actuated, marking a point on the curve. This can be used to measure the key’s pre-travel before actuation and to compare the tactile and electronic actuation points.

Typical measurement of computer keyboard key

In the case of all electronics buttons including keyboards and push buttons, there are several other calculations from the actuation graph that may be of interest. For example, the shape of the force profile, the reset point (when the key is no longer activated upon unloading), the time before actuation and the hysteresis (the distance between actuaation and reset). Several other aspects of the key performance could also be investigated using this type of test set up, for example the effect of post-test speed on the forces involved, the force profile itself and the unloading behaviour. These can all be added to the analysis macro as necessary.

The addition of an Acoustic Envelope Detector adds useful information regarding the user’s experience of pressing the button, as the sounds involved are distinctive and an important contribution to the feel and perceived quality of the product.

Empirical methods of assessing texture are often challenged by lack of homogeneity or uniformity in samples – a challenge which is almost impossible to approach with fundamental methods. Heterogeneous systems have structural elements that can vary considerably for the same overall chemical composition depending upon how they were created.

Sometimes the sample to be analysed may be of variable configuration or structure from piece to piece such as breakfast cereal flakes. In the case of fruit testing, for example, whilst the preferred method of testing might be compression, the inherent variability of natural products and the range of sizes of fruit from piece to piece may preclude the option of testing the pieces one at a time. On the other hand, a manufactured sample such as a cereal bar or indeed a natural product such as meat may have uniformity in its sample shape and size but consist of an entirely variable texture throughout.

This range of challenges calls for a set of tests which deal with the compromise of sample heterogeneity. In some instances the preferred method of testing (such as compression, penetration or shear) can be adapted to improve the chance of obtaining a repeatable result. What all of these methods have in common is the fact that by testing a larger number of pieces, or a wider surface area with more testing surfaces an averaging effect is thereby created which is the result of a representative set of pieces or surfaces. Request this article and find out what you need to know about testing non-homogeneous and non-uniform products.

The primary issue of these types of samples is that they are usually of varying sizes or are of non-homogeneous nature and therefore make comparisons difficult. They therefore have a high variability from piece to piece within the same batch and require a large sample set to be tested. Puncture or compression tests to rupture are possible but usually produce results with poor repeatability. For the chance of obtaining repeatable results when testing by compression testing demands that the dimension of the test piece are constant. To do this, fruit cylinders or cubes therefore need to be prepared which may be impractical in terms of time available or ease of testing.

In this instance, it is advised to take a certain number or certain weight of sample and perform a bulk compression or shearing test. This type of test creates an ‘averaging effect’ and gives the result of a representative number or weight of fruit pieces.

The result is an average of the forces required to compress, shear, puncture or extrude the sample of variable geometry. The maximum force and area under the curve are usually recorded for all of these types of test and taken as an indication of bulk firmness. The area under the curve is usually termed the ‘work of shear/compression/penetration’ – a larger value indicating a firmer sample.

To see these accessories and ideas on how you can optimise your sample preparation visit our Accessories page.

Twin Blade Sample Preparation Tool

Core Borer

The term “strength" is clear when it comes to solid materials. Tensile, compressive and breaking strength are precisely defined values but applying these terms to foams such as whipped cream, egg whites or mousses is difficult. The Cream Probe is moved at a specified speed and the foam strength is given by the force plateau while the probe is travelling in the bulk of the sample. The Cream Probe is used for measuring firmness according to a standard DLG method used for milk and milk products including ice cream.

The use of this probe and its relevant project files are explained in an Application Study in the Education Zone of Exponent Connect software (version 8.0.6.0 and later). The application study was based on a paper by Horst Pichert that was published when a ‘Whipped Cream Probe’ was first developed over 40 years ago (Pichert, Horst. "A new test device for measuring the strength of viscous foams in food." Journal of Food Study and Research 169.4 (1979): 284-289.) At the time this probe replaced the apparatus that was generally in use as a more accurate method of determining the firmness of viscous foams of food.

The Stable Micro Systems Cream Probe can be used on all models of Texture Analyser and software but has a limited load of 1kg due to its construction and is therefore only optimally suited to low force load cells.

Lately the Texture Analyser has been a popular video feature. Along with past multiple appearances on the UK Channel 4 series Food Unwrapped, Sky1’s Greggs documentary, Myth Busters and Heston Blumenthal’s ‘In Search of Perfection’ series, we are now excited to see it on the Netflix Baking Impossible series where incredible bakery missions are put to stress tests.

On YouTube, we can also share:

Rare or medium – which degree of doneness makes the steak more tender? Check with the Texture Analyzer (in German)

Watch video

How food scientists test texture without humans

Watch video

Laboratorios Remotos UNED explain how they test fruit

Watch video

See more customer videos on our YouTube channel

The Volscan Profiler is most frequently used for the measurement of Volume, Density and Sample dimensional parameters such as length, width, height etc. Volscan software continues to evolve to accommodate the testing of a wider range applications from food, packaging, cosmetics materials and hair. The latest version (2.0.6.0 ready to download) includes a new Symmetry measurement parameter to add to the range of parameters that can now be measured such as Surface Texture, Surface Area and Frizziness.

Symmetry is a calculation which is useful when a user requires the Degree of Symmetry (DOS) of a sample. It can be helpful in determining the uniformity or quality of a batch of products, particularly those that have an exact dimensional specification.

Examples

Sandwich loaf – Uniformity of slice dimensions is key in the sandwich cutting process for consistent packaging fit:

Mannequin head (each half treated differently):

Packaging:

In summary, the calculation compares the shape on one side of the line of symmetry to the shape on the other side. The percentage of the shapes that match is given as the DOS. So a perfect rectangle or circle with a line of symmetry across its centre would have a DOS of 100% as the shapes on either side of the line are identical.

See how a Volscan Profiler works or request a brochure.

The new Hair Stiffness Rig is yet another quantitative method that will be of use to the haircare industry. It is already well documented that the bending force of a hair bundle can be used as an indicator of softness/stiffness. Using this new rig, a hair bundle can be clamped at one end and the remaining length placed on two supports. The Texture Analyser probe then descends vertically on the sample a set number of times, applying pressure to the central section of the hair bundle and measuring the bending force – a higher bending force indicating a stiffer sample. The new test will enable manufacturers to carry out quick, objective and repeatable evaluation of hair softness/stiffness, optimising their products’ performance and substantiating persuasive beauty claims.

Instinctively, there is a tendency to equate the word stiffness with style longevity but while consumers of hair styling products profess the desire for products that do not adversely affect the feel properties of hair, this stiffness appears to act as the cue that the products are working. There is a widespread use of the word ‘hold’ in advertising and on styling product packaging. However whilst there is a desire for optimal hold it should ideally be without sensorial negatives, i.e. a stiff and or ‘crunchy’, unnatural feel to the hair – a condition lightheartedly referred to as ‘helmet head’. There is an apparent trade-off whereby high hold is generally attained at the expense of poor feel, whilst sensorial improvements often result in a diminished perception of hold which is often equated with style longevity. In short, while consumers profess the desire for a product that creates a style that feels flexible, stiffness appears to provide the reason for consumers to believe in its performance.

The presence of styling polymer deposits promote increased stiffness in the hair sample, which registers in terms of higher deformation forces. A further variation of the method may involve cycling the applied deformation to determine the resiliency of the crust; i.e., earlier deformations may break a portion of the crust and lead to lower forces on subsequent cycles. To prove the holding power of fixatives such as hair spray, the drop in bending force is calculated from the first to last cycle, as the polymer holding cast is broken after the first deformation. A hair tress can be sprayed a chosen number of times or commonly is dipped into a hairspray solution and allowed to dry in a flat position. After drying, the bending stiffness is measured. It must also be considered that the properties of polymer films deposited by styling products are not constant, and performance criteria can change dramatically as a result of formulation and environmental factors i.e. stiffness created by deposited polymers can change dramatically with relative humidity.

The effect of various other hair treatments on softness can also be determined by measuring the tress’s bending properties before and after treatment. For a treatment such as bleaching, an average bending force from a cycle of ten three-point bend tests is calculated for each sample. This is also applicable to measuring the efficacy of conditioner formulations containing new softening ingredients.

Research using this hair characterisation technique at Croda has highlighted how this analytical technology can help the industry substantiate ambitious marketing claims about shampoos and conditioners that claim to leave hair soft and manageable.

In the study, carried out by Croda, the TA.XTplus Texture Analyser was used to determine the bending modulus of different types of hair, comparing results before and after the application of various hair treatments. For the test, the hair samples were divided into two bundles – one to undergo treatments, the second to be used as a control. Croda’s research revealed that oxidation following hair bleaching, as well as heightened environmental moisture levels, have a significant effect on measurable bending force, an indication of hair softness, in particular where damaged hair is concerned. It also demonstrated the efficacy of conditioner formulations containing new softening ingredients.

Recently a patent released by L’Oreal explains the use of this test approach to perform three-point bend tests using their TA.XTplus Texture Analyser. This patent describes compositions containing at least two latex polymers and their effect on hair stiffness, wherein at least one latex polymer is a film-forming polymer. Read more

At Stable Micro Systems we have also recently launched the Hair Suppleness Rig and made customers aware of the use of the Volscan Profiler for the measurement of hair properties such as frizziness, curl retention and crown dimensions for tresses and whole head mannequins. Other tests of interest in this field may also be the measurement of cast fixative film flexibility/hardness and its stickiness.

From left: Hair Suppleness Rig, hair sample in the Volscan Profiler and a typical 3D scan produced in Volscan Profiler software.

Exponent Connect software continues to evolve and the latest version (version 8.0.7.0 is available to download now) includes the following new application studies along with their accompanying projects, all ready for you to get testing and analysing your results quickly.

• ASTM F88 Adhesive tape 180 degree peel – Quantify the permanence of adhesion or ‘peelability’ of self-adhesive materials

• Aerated dessert foam strength – Measurement of the strength of food foams

• Determination of gel strength (Bloom Value) of gelatin according to Pharmocopeia 0330E

• ASTM D790 Polymer flexure – ASTM D790 Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials

• ASTM D828 Paper tensile – Tensile test of paper and paperboard, according to ASTM International test method ASTM D828

• Hair stiffness – Three-point bend testing of hair samples for stiffness measurement

• Leather finish adhesion – Determination of the adhesion of the finish to the leather

• Leather lastometer – event – Measurement of bagginess using the ball burst rig – ‘event mode’ and 'yield mode'

• Leather softness loop – Measurement of softness using the leather loop compression test

• Leather tensile – Tensile measurement of leather

• Microneedle deformation – Application of known force to cause controlled deformation of microneedles

Along with the addition of a few new standard methods we have completed the range of methods that are currently available for the testing of leather. To read all about leather testing methods you can request the below article or view our leather and textile testing page.

Over the past twenty years, poultry meat has soared in popularity, overtaking pork as the most produced meat worldwide. Egg laying hens and broiler chickens are the two main chicken types farmed globally - one produces eggs and the other is raised for meat. Texture is the main quality characteristic of all meat, affecting consumer acceptance and, consequently, price. The dominant textural characteristic determining the quality of meat is tenderness. Tenderness is also the major sensory characteristic that decides the consumer acceptance of a meat product, followed by the more ambiguous quality characteristic – ‘juiciness’.

Due to the heavy influence of tenderness on both a meat product’s price and overall acceptance, one of the most common issues faced by meat and poultry industries is a recent increase in the incidence of tough meat. This may be an effect of higher consumer demand for heavily processed products, which puts greater pressure on production. To keep up with demand, processing manufacturers must explore methods to increase boneless meat production without a negative effect on overall consumer acceptance. Some of these processing methods are known to affect broiler breast tenderness.

The high emphasis placed on tenderness, along with the increasing incidence of tough meat has led to the development of many sophisticated instrumental methods for measuring meat texture. Tenderness is a sensory attribute judged when a consumer bites into a piece of meat. Consequently, sensory analysis can be very effective. However, sensory evaluation is time-consuming and expensive. Instrumental methods are well-suited to the assessment of meat texture. There are many methods in use for measuring tenderness in both industrial and research environments that use the Stable Micro Systems range of Texture Analysers. These methods generally come under the bracket of a ‘cutting measurement’, such as the multiple blade Kramer shear cell, the Warner-Bratzler single blade and the MORS blade although a Texture Analyser is capable of the measurement of compression, tension, flexure, adhesion and extrusion characteristics, to name but a few.

Although tenderness is the primary textural concern for raw and cooked meat, there are other common textural measurements used by poultry manufacturers when finished products are concerned, such as the crispiness of battered nuggets. Additionally, non-meat tests are equally important when related to the health of the bird. These tests may include the tensile strength of intestines, bone flexure strength, the properties of chicken feed or the 14 quality parameters for eggs that can be measured and recorded by a Texture Analyser.

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Read about all of the quality parameters that can be collected from egg testing.
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Consumer preference for poultry meat products has continued to increase during the past two decades. Despite selection practices substantially increasing growth rate, feed conversion, and muscle weight, an increase number of muscling myopathies affecting meat quality have arisen.

This research topic has been highlighted in the document Avian Muscle Development and Growth Mechanisms: Association with Muscle Myopathies and Meat Quality which focuses on muscle development and growth mechanisms, and how changes in the structure and biology of muscle are associated with avian muscle myopathies and meat quality.

Woody breast (WB) is an emerging and challenging myopathy of broiler Pectoralis major muscle in the global poultry industry. WB is characterized by an abnormal hardness typically detected using subjective palpation and visual evaluations of ridge like bulge on the caudal region. The histology and muscle composition differences in WB result in meat quality defects which lead to impaired functional properties such as a poor water holding capacity (WHC) and lower acceptance scores in sensory attributes. In recent years, the increasing incidence rates of WB condition in the poultry industry have caused important economic losses, in millions of dollars, during primary and further processing operations as consumer acceptance is negatively affected by this condition.

Using the Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear Blade to measure Woody Breast

Introduced in 2013 the Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear blade (MORS) was hailed as the quickest, most accurate and simplest destructive tool for measuring poultry tenderness which historically had been assessed using costly and time-consuming sensory evaluation.

The Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear method (resulting from research carried out at the University of Arkansas) uses an extremely sharp craft knife blade of defined dimensions, attached to a TA.XTplus Texture Analyser, to conduct a cutting/shearing test. Because the blade is narrow and penetrates to only 20mm, the MORS tests makes only a small incision into the sample, causing far less damage to it than traditional instrumental or human cutting tests. Repeatability is also optimised because the blade can be removed and replaced regularly – or even after every test – to ensure edge sharpness. It is recommended that the sharp blade is replaced every 100 measurements for optimum shearing performance and hence result repeatability.

Trials of the blade showed that it can perform 60 measurements per hour – double the number that can be achieved with a Kramer shear test. Both the Kramer Shear Cell and Warner-Bratzler blade are widely used for evaluating poultry tenderness and have become industry-standard testing methods. However, results are significantly affected by sample dimensions – a concern eliminated by the use of the MORS blade.

Tests using the MORS blade are conducted on whole intact fillets, which minimises experimental errors attributable to sample preparation, shortens sample preparation time and leads to a simpler testing solution. This can make significant savings in the labour, time and expertise needed to implement routine quality control in the poultry industry.

In the tests, razor blade shear energy (N/mm) is calculated as the area under the force deformation curve from the beginning to the end of the test. Maximum shear force (N) is also recorded. Both parameters are used as instrumental indicators of meat tenderness. Four or more shears per fillet (in predetermined locations as shown below) will provide a reliable estimate of poultry tenderness.

Left: Predetermined piercing locations for MORS test. Right: Typical Exponent graph output for MORS test.

A number of publications in 2021 have been found that attempt to deal with the issue of woody breast and its effect on texture. Here are some highlight that measure shear force and shear energy using the MORS blade:

• Research Note: Effects of supplementing cranberry and blueberry pomaces on meat quality and antioxidative capacity in broilers – McGill University and Yangzhou University.

• Meat quality traits and Blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear characteristics of broiler breast fillets affected by woody breast condition and post-cooking meat temperature – Researchers at Chuzhou University, University of São Paulo and University of Arkansas tried out a blunt version of the MORS blade on their TA.XTplus Texture Analyser.

• Fillet Dimensions and Meat Quality Attributes Associated With Woody Breast in Broilers – University of Arkansas used MORS blade and blunt MORS blade on their TA.XTplus Texture Analyser.

• Nutritional Properties and Oxidative Indices of Broiler Breast Meat Affected by Wooden Breast Abnormality – National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Thailand

• Comparing three textural measurements of chicken breast fillets affected by severe wooden breast and spaghetti meat – At University of Padova this study compared three popular textural tests using their TA.XTplusC Texture Analyser: the compression, Meullenet–Owens razor blade, and Allo–Kramer tests, which are used to detect the wooden breast and spaghetti meat myopathies.

Other research using alternative texture analysis methods:

• Quality and stability of cooked sausages made from turkey meat affected by the white striping myopathy – At Universidad de Vigo researchers used their TA.XT2i Texture Analyser equipped with a 35mm cylinder probe to perform Texture Profile Analysis (TPA).

• Effect of wooden breast myopathy on texture and acceptability of emulsified chicken patties – At Federal University of Paraiba researchers also used their TA.XT2i Texture Analyser equipped with a 35mm cylinder probe to perform Texture Profile Analysis (TPA).

• Quality of breast meat from broiler chickens raised in Brazil affected by white striping myopathy – At Universidade Estadual de São Paulo they used TA-XT2i texture analyzer equipped with a Warner-Bratzler Blade to measure shear force to evaluate tenderness.

• Using air deformation of raw fillet surfaces to identify severity of woody breast myopathy in broiler fillets – At Chuzhou University and University of Arkansas Deparment of Poultry Science they used a 6mm cylinder probe on their TA-XTplus Texture Analyser to assess peak counts of shear curves to describe meat texture.

Many powders can potentially gain strength and cake during processing, storage and transport to the final consumer, causing the formation of lumps and aggregates, or they may be transformed into a caked bulk. This can be very undesirable, causing production delays and lost production, and represents a major product quality defect in the eyes of end-users of powder products. Raw ingredients can be assessed on a regular basis to keep watch on batch and source variation and finished products in powder form can undergo a full assessment to measure the properties (e.g. fully flowing, caking, cohesion) that will be experienced by a consumer or user.

The range of manufacturing industries that benefit from Powder Flow Analysis is large and ever-growing and researchers in all powder sectors have published work using their Powder Flow Analyser – here are a few examples:

Food ingredients

Welcomed by all sectors of the food industry, Powder Flow Analysis allows accurate and objective testing of ingredients, blends and finished products, as diverse as lecithins, flours, coffee granules, drinking powders, sugar, sweeteners, spices, pulses, salt, seasonings, herbs and milk powder.

Read our blog post

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View examples of published work: Banana Powder Production, Ready-to-use Powdered Dessert and Coffee Powders

Pharmaceutical powders

Objective and repeatable testing combined with ranking of dry powder samples can provide significant opportunities and benefits. These include optimising batch and source selection in terms of cost and quality; the development of best mix formulations; optimising scaling up and process conditions; and maintaining product quality control. Innovative technology provides such data either by measuring and comparing products capable of flow, or by assessing sample behaviour under test conditions simulating in-process or product handling conditions. Best-practice raw material purchasing, processing efficiency, waste minimisation and product quality – before and after storage, packing and transportation – are all desirable for manufacturers. The application of practical powder rheology is a valuable tool for achieving these goals.

Read our blog post

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View published work

Grain products

Some of the most common powder handling problems arise when conveying from storage silos or bins into production. Often the powder or grain will have been motionless for hours, days, or even weeks before flow is required. Over this time, most powders or granules will compact with the result that far more energy is needed to cause flow than in aerated samples. On the other hand, powders used immediately after transport, which may have involved agitation or more pronounced vibration, will have been aerated and flow more easily than others that have been stored. Cornflour, Couscous, Flour (white), Flour (wholemeal), Oatbran, Polenta, Rice (flaked), Tapioca and Wheatbran.

Read our blog post

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View examples of published work: Tef grain powders and Commercial Rice Flour/Powder

Cleaning and washing products

As costs are required to be driven down, the substitution of expensive constituents with lower cost powders is an attractive prospect. Although these substitutes may be produced to the same specification as the original substance, they may not necessarily store, convey and process as easily. Discovering this after production has started would incur downtime and additional cost. Final product quality may also be compromised.

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Nuts, seeds and pulses

In these products, many common manufacturing problems are attributed to powder or granule flow, including segregation, inaccurate filling of packaging, obstructions and stoppages. These in turn lead to machine downtime and defective end-products. Storage, handling, production, packing, distribution and end use can all be negatively affected by common powder/granule flow problems.

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Personal care powders

The PFA is particularly welcomed by the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries as it allows objective testing of ingredients, blends and finished products, from eye shadows and foundations to gels and face powders, baby powder, bath salts, denture cleanser, face powder, foot powder, protein powder and slimming powder. Product development teams can evaluate the flow properties of new excipients, active ingredients and formulations, predicting their behaviour prior to commencing large-scale production. They can also check how new powders interact with existing constituents. This speeds up development time and minimises “trial and error” tactics, especially important when certain ingredients are extremely valuable and may have only been produced in small quantities.

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Building and decorating materials

Many common manufacturing problems are attributed to powder flow, including non-uniformity (segregation) in blending, under- or over-dosage, inaccurate filling, obstructions and stoppages. These in turn lead to rejected material, machine downtime and defective end-products. Storage, handling, production, packing, distribution and end use can all be negatively affected by common powder flow problems. These materials include cement, interior filler, plaster, sawdust, sugar soap, tile grout, wallpaper adhesive and paint.

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Garden products and animal feed

Handling and processing powders, particulates and granules is central in product processing, but has traditionally been fraught with problems due to their unpredictable and irregular behaviour, specifically with respect to flowability. With so many raw materials and semi-finished products in powder form, such as bird sand, grass seed, insect food, Nyjer seed and plant fertiliser, this sector stands to gain significant manufacturing and commercial benefits from improvements in the assessment of powder flow.

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Hair products are often marketed to provide good ‘body’ to the hair while taming flyaways and frizz. The efficiency of these products has to be scientifically proven. High body follows the loose definition of thick and bouncy hair with high volume and much movement when the head is turned. It may also be defined as hair with good elevation from the scalp in both the vertical and lateral directions.

Performing a hair body measurement in the Volscan Profiler, combines the movement of dynamic testing with laser measurement and the flexibility of a wide range of digital dimensional measurements with rapid analysis.

How a Volscan Profiler measures Hair Tress volume

A hair tress can now be centrally supported between the instrument arm and instrument base so that it hangs freely. During the scan, the Volscan Profiler is able to rotate the sample at a chosen speed (causing the tress to splay) whilst the vertically moving laser maps the contours of the splayed hair tress.

Calculations of the resulting 3D scan reveal measurements of volume and frizziness as a result of tress preparation or added treatments.

Calculations used for Hair properties determination

The most important aspects of a scan of a hair sample are related to the way in which the bulk of the sample spreads out as body and frizziness are generally of the most interest.

• The Volume of the hair sample is the most fundamental of these parameters, and gives a fast estimation of hair body.

• The scan’s Surface Area is calculated and will be larger for hair with more body and movement as it is related to the spreading out of hair.

• The Maximum Projection is another area calculation which represents the body of the hair. This measurement looks at the splayed hair tress while turning as if seen directly from below. Hair that has spread out further while turning has greater body, and will cover a larger projected area.

• The Largest radius of the maximum projection represents the furthest flung hair, giving the absolute maximum movement of the hair from the central point.

• Frizziness is calculated by using the jaggedness of the maximum projection outline and comparing with a mathematically smoothed outline – the frizzier the hair, the more jagged the outline.

Mannequin heads are also simple to measure in the Volscan Profiler and the 3D scan can be manipulated in certain ways to allow for the separation of properties from different sections of the head. Mannequin head measurements include Whole Head Analysis, Vertical Half Split (comparing two different sides) and Crown Analysis (crown volume, crown height and crown base area).

A large portion of the haircare market is dedicated to providing products that will prevent curled hair from drooping throughout the day, under fluctuating stresses or in a particularly humid environment. A test used to substantiate these claims is the ‘curl retention test’. The ‘curl retention’ is measured in the form of a percentage length change at set time periods. This measurement is traditionally a manual one, and so prone to human error. However, using the Volscan hair tress holder, the curl can now be held and its length and volume measured from the resulting 3D scan.

To find out more, visit our webpage or request a brochure...

A few years ago, Katharina Scherf published work on the improvement of parameters for the use of the Kieffer Rig in a paper entitled: 'Optimization of micro-scale extension tests for wheat dough and wet gluten'. Micro-scale extension tests to determine the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough and wet gluten based on 10 g of flour each are useful methods to predict baking performance, but as yet there is no official standard method. The experimental procedure presented in this paper has been optimised by scientists at Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich by varying rest periods and test speeds and the results have been evaluated considering repeatability, discrimination of different samples and duration of analysis.

In both tests, dough was prepared by mixing to the respective optimum consistency followed by a 15 min rest period at 22 °C and measurement at a test speed of 3.3 mm/s for dough. For wet gluten, the subsequent steps involved removal of starch by washing, centrifugation of the gluten strands (3060 × g, 10 min, 22 °C), resting for 30 min at 22 °C and measurement using the same test speed (3.3 mm/s) with the SMS/Kieffer Dough and Gluten Extensibility Rig fitted to a Texture Analyser. Correlation analyses revealed that the maximum resistance to extension and the area under the curve of wet gluten extension tests were suitable to predict micro-rapid-mix test loaf volumes which was proven by use of the Volscan Profiler. In combination with the micro-scale extension test for rehydrated vital wheat gluten, these methods are deemed suitable for international validation.

At this point the method has not been standardised but more recently Katharina and her colleagues have concentrated on the use of the Kieffer Rig for gluten characterisation. Their published paper: 'Predicting vital wheat gluten quality using the gluten aggregation test and the microscale extension test' further optimises gluten sample preparation and test parameters using the Kieffer Rig (whilst also using the Volscan Profiler for determination of the volume of resulting bread rolls). Vital gluten, a by-product of wheat starch production, is commonly used in foods but its functionality is predicted using time- and labour-intensive baking tests. The gluten aggregation and microscale extension test were proven to be good quality predictors and the maximum torque, peak maximum time, and specific peak area ratios were the most useful parameters.

The Kieffer Rig continues to be a popular fixture for use with the Texture Analyser. More recently, researchers from Kansas State University have been investigating the impact of cricket protein powder replacement on wheat protein composition, dough rheology and bread quality. The continuous rise in population, environmental concerns, and an increasing shift of consumers’ belief towards eating sustainable foods has led researchers to look for alternate sources of protein. In this study, the objective was to understand how cricket protein powder affects the mixing, pasting and dough development characteristics of bread dough.

They used their TA.XT2 Texture Analyser to perform extensional tests on dough samples using a Kieffer Rig, as well as performing Texture Profile Analysis and a staling study on slices of a baked loaf. Extensibility was found to significantly decrease as the replacement level increased for all treatments. TPA results showed a significant increase in hardness at higher replacement levels. Chewiness also increased as the replacement level increased while cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience decreased as the replacement levels increased. Read more 

The following recently published papers are a selection of research work that also used the Kieffer Rig for the assessment of dough or gluten extensional properties:

• Challenges in determination of rheological properties of wheat dough supplemented with industrial by-products: carob pod flour and sugar beet fibres

• Effects of corn distillers dried grains on dough properties and quality of Chinese steamed bread

• Olive stone powder: A potential source of fibre and antioxidant and its effect on the rheological characteristics of biscuit dough and quality

• Improving the quality of dough obtained with old durum wheat using hydrocolloids

• Utilisation of butter and oleogel blends in sweet pan bread for saturated fat reduction: Dough rheology and baking performance

• Influence of the fermentation time and potato pulp addition on the technological properties and volatile compounds of wheat dough and steamed bread

• Comparison of uniaxial/biaxial extensional rheological properties of mixed dough with traditional rheological test results: relationship with the quality of steamed bread

• Effects of milling methods on rheological properties of fermented and non-fermented dough

• Enzymatic cross‐linking to improve the handling properties of dough prepared within a normal and reduced NaCl environment

• Effect of egg yolk on the properties of wheat dough and bread

We are often asked by users how to backup and restore user profiles when changing their PC or installing on multiple PCs.

This is a relatively simple process and is made possible by a utility which is installed with Exponent.

To use it you will need to close down Exponent and be an administrator on the PC. Go to Programs > Exponent > Utilities and select Exponent Backup and Restore. If you see a security message saying that the program wants to make changes, you will need to select Yes so that the application runs with elevated administration rights.

You then have two options – to either backup or restore. If you want to save the current settings, then make sure the Backup radio button is active. If you want to do a full system backup then make sure both of the Data boxes are checked. You will need to specify the location where you wish the backup to be stored. When you are happy with the selected options, click OK to perform the backup. A message will inform you of success or failure to perform the backup.

To restore your user profiles, use the same utility as described above but make sure that the Restore radio button is checked. Make sure that the location points to the same location used to backup your profiles. Click OK to continue. A dialog box will appear giving you the choice of backup to restore.

Select the required backup from the list and click OK to restore the settings. A message will inform you of success or failure to perform the backup.

If you have multiple installations in your testing location, you can use Backup and Restore to ensure consistent user and security settings on each installation of Exponent. This is especially useful when opening protected files on these other PCs.

The Backup and Restore program can also be passed command line parameters to automate the backup procedure. View the Help file of this utility for further details.

Should you require further technical support, please click or tap here...

3D printing has taken off as a niche manufacturing method, enabling consumers to design and build their own goods. As such, it now holds an important place in the manufacturing industry. Objects can be built in almost any format the consumer desires, and it has moved on from the early limitations of certain polymer groups as the building material. Now it is a potential tool in many industries, including bone and organ replacements, meat manufacture and even customisable bakery.

If you’ve designed a product in a CAD package and then you print it, one concern will be whether what has been printed is what you designed. In many cases you’ll need your printed object to be dimensionally accurate and iterations of printing your design are almost inevitable to adjust the printing settings to obtain a product that is dimensionally accurate. Accurate digital assessment of physical dimensions thereby becomes a necessity.

The Volscan Profiler, a benchtop laser-based scanner that measures the volume, density and dimensional profiles of solid products, provides such a solution. The rapid 3-dimensional digitisation of products enables the automatic calculation of several detailed dimension related parameters, the results of which may be mathematically manipulated for immediate use or future retrieval in a variety of data formats for your printed objects.

Volscan Profiler models for measurement of Volume, Density and Dimensional Profiles

Typical ways of mounting samples in order to scan and measure their dimensional profiles:

Mechanical component sample ready for scanning and an archived scan of sample

Bone sample ready for scanning and an archived scan of sample

As well as the measurement of dimensional profiles, Stable Micro Systems also manufactures instruments that measure the tensile and compressional properties of 3D printed parts. As with any manufacturing innovation, the end product must go through a quality control process to assess its physical properties. A Texture Analyser is a crucial part of this procedure, giving a reliable way to test the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects by applying a choice of compression, tension, extrusion, adhesion, bending or cutting tests to measure a product’s physical properties e.g. tensile strength, flexural modulus, fracturability, compressibility, to name but a few.

Request our article Texture Analysis: Its Importance for 3D Printed Food Development which looks at developments in this field; or

Request our article Texture Analysis: Its Importance for 3D Printed Medical Materials which looks at developments in this field

As the Texture Expert in the lab you may have designed a few projects for your product texture analysis. However, it is likely that your projects will need to be rolled out and used by others in the laboratory.

Other users of the Texture Analyser may be new, inexperienced or have a number of instruments that they use. Your project may have some intricacies that you wish other operators to remember such as the way the sample should be orientated or how the test should look before the test starts. In this instance you have a number of options as to how you can build in instructions into your project.

1: You could simply write a set of instructions that are placed next to the instrument. However, this is likely to be lost or become damaged over time.

2: You could insert message boxes into your macros that could appear at certain stages during the test instructing the operator to do something.

However, over time an operator might become annoyed with these messages coming up each time if they become well rehearsed in the method. More messages will also make test time longer which is not an issue if the operator is learning your new procedure but will add up over time.

3: Build all of your instructions into the Project Notes tab. This window has always been present in Exponent but had to be closed in order to start testing. It is now dockable and scrollable so that operators can leave your notes open and follow your instructions throughout the testing. The window cannot only include your important reminders e.g. 'Before testing ensure you have calibrated the instrument', but it can also include photos, diagrams etc. so you can show an operator exactly what the test should look like before the test is started.

Exponent Connect software now has a new feature: Trend Viewer. This new feature allows you to view trends that may (or ‘may not’) be occurring in your texture analysis data.

In the background of Exponent a 'trend' spreadsheet will now automatically run (in conjunction with any other results files you have set up to collect data). The trend spreadsheet is set up to configure the data you wish to monitor e.g. maximum force, and over the time scale you wish to monitor and compare batches.

Typically, you might be interested to compare batch data over a specific period of time, e.g. look at collected data throughout the day, for a specific shift or see the trend over the course of the week for the data you are most interested in, e.g. the firmness of your cookie dough. You may additionally choose to display acceptance bands to see if your data falls within an expected quality range and you may modify the way you wish to visualise your data.

Examples of how your daily captured data may look are shown below:

The mean of the values is shown as the central horizontal line. Acceptance band values are specified by the user based on previous data collected in the test method development stage to establish the optimum range for that particular product. These values may be adjusted at any time to narrow the specification for the production of a higher quality product.

Data can be shown as either a line graph (above) or a scatter graph (below).

This could be used for reference or inclusion in a quality control test report.

To see how this feature could work for you using Exponent Connect software, watch this...

Corrugated cardboard is used all over the world for strong, cheap and light recyclable packaging. It is made up of a fluted interior sandwiched between linerboards. Variations include a linerboard on only one face, or several stacked layers. It is generally made into cardboard boxes, although occasionally used in sheet form for strengthening or insulation purposes. Most boxmakers perform a wide range of tests on their products as well as the components used to make them. Many boxes are made to certain customers’ demands, and the aim of these tests is to maximise strength (meeting the customer’s needs) while minimising costs from component materials and weight.

Unlike traditional crush testing equipment, which only record the maximum force during a test, Stable Micro Systems Texture Analysers, along with Exponent software, allow full graph analysis as well as optional synchronised video capture to identify failure mechanisms and tie them into points of failure on the graph. They incorporate a precise ball screw, sturdy design and high accuracy load cells for reliable, repeatable testing. Additionally, they are multi-functional – consequently, many paper, cardboard and box tests may be performed on one instrument, including crush, tensile, puncture and flexure.

The set of tests carried out by a boxmaker are determined by the desired properties in the finished box. ‘Compression boxes’, designed to be stacked on top of one another, must always fulfil some basic criteria:

1) Professional appearance
2) High enough crush strength to allow full containers to be stacked during transit and storage
3) Robust enough to protect their contents
4) Retention of their protective properties over a time period long enough for the customer’s needs, and in the required environmental conditions

Apart from appearance, the above strength properties can be quantified using either imitative or more traditional, fundamental methods. Specific tests are outlined in detail in a new article which is now available and covers standard methods: Box Crush Test (BS ISO 12048), Box Creep Test (ASTM D7030), Flat Crush Test (TAPPI T809), Edgewise Strength – Ring Crush (TAPPI T822) and Edge Crush (TAPPI T811), Pin Adhesion Test (TAPPI T821), Flexural Stiffness Test (ISO 5628), Puncture Test, Tensile Test (ASTM D828), Perforation Tensile Test (ASTM D4987), Wet Paper Test (ISO 3781), Tear Test (TAPPI T470) and Fluctuating Humidity Test.

Request a copy of this article

The latest version of Exponent Connect software (8.0.3.0) also includes the following new sample projects and application studies explaining how to perform these methods of which several are for paper/board testing:

Ampoule break strength - AMP1_ABS

ASTM D642 Box crush – PCKG5_RCP

ASTM D4987 Perforated paper tear – PCKG6_TG

ASTM D7030 Box creep - PCKG7_RCP

BS ISO 12048 Box crush - PCKG8_RCP

Cake fluffiness (according to Campden BRI method) - CAKE4_P45

ISO 3781 Tensile test wet paper - PCKG10_TG

ISO 5628 Paper and board bending stiffness – PCKG11_3PB

ISO 17996 Cheese compression rheology – CHE7_P75

Meat analogue multiple penetration - MEATANALOGUE1_MPP

TAPPI T809 Cardboard flat crush - PCKG9_RCP

TAPPI T811 Cardboard edgewise strength – PCKG12_P75

TAPPI T822 Paperboard ring crush – PCKG13_RCP

Would you like to employ a texture analysis system which provides multiple loading of samples and their subsequent testing with 'walk-away' time for the duration of all tests? If high volume, repetitive testing is causing a bottleneck in your operation, automating to meet critical deadlines can be a business imperative. An investment in automation can be justified for a number of reasons, all of which directly impact your laboratory's contribution to profit.

The Automated Linear Indexing System (ALIS) enables the loading of multiple test samples prior to testing and does not require constant supervision by the user during testing. It is integrated seamlessly with a TA.XTplus Texture Analyser with quick and easy set-up and sample mounting.

Test specimens are typically located in bespoke support plates then, with prompted steps, testing conditions are set, tests are performed, and results are reported with little or no operator involvement. In this walkaway time further samples can be prepared or measurement results can be evaluated.

Watch a video showing typical examples of how an Automated Linear Indexing System works

The Automated Linear Indexing System is available in two platform lengths – 250mm and 600mm – and has two modes of operation. The platform can either be moved and paused for the testing of each sample, or can be moved constantly at the same speed as the texture analyser's arm, which is ideal for peel testing, for instance.

Measure Tape Peel Properties at Multiple Speeds within a Single Test

In the field of adhesive technology, the 90 ° peel test (FINAT No. 2) is one of the most used tests. This measurement can also be greatly simplified with ALIS. A very precise positioning of the measuring arm and the measuring table is possible. The speeds between the trigger and the table feed can also be changed within a single test, saving valuable testing time instead of having one test per peel speed.

See a tape peel test in action

Measure Pay Off of Cosmetics using an ALIS

In addition to the consistency of lipsticks, the lipstick transfer and the application behaviour of the pencils on the lips also play a decisive role. Together with the TA.XTplus Texture Analyser and the ALIS you can precisely assess the transfer (or payoff) of the lipstick onto a defined surface. In this test, the lipstick is applied with a defined force to e.g. press onto a paper surface. The ALIS table then starts the movement and simulates the application of the lipstick. The movements of the table can be precisely controlled by the user, e.g. get a test to proceed over a longer period of time. As a result, the amount of the abraded lipstick mass can be determined by weighing the paper substrate before and after the test.

Watch how this works for two different products:   1       2 

More information regarding this product

Over the years Exponent software has continuously evolved to to add new features – many of which have been requested by customers. Whether it’s a new calculation, a new way to plot data or macro commands for data analysis, the software package is extensive in its capabilities.

Whilst experienced users have fully established their testing routines, we are conscious of making things easier for new or inexperienced texture analyser users. As such, we have created an alternative layout to the software. You now have the option at the login screen to enter the software to a 'Basic' or more simplified user interface (below left).

This simplified interface or workspace has been laid out to show the most common/favourite functions as a toolbar and the most simple graphical view to display your data (above right).

However, nothing has been removed by way of functionality – we've simply made it easier on the eye! Everything is customisable according to your requirements – add or remove anything you like. If you don't like what we've suggested for you, you can simply resave it laid out the way you prefer. As you become more familiar with the software you may find you add new items to your toolbar or layout – no problem, just customise it to the way you feel comfortable and when you return to the software using your login it will remember how you like it.

Find out more...

SOFTWARE UPDATE
The latest version of Exponent Connect is now available. Download

Among our range of specialist attachments is a rig allowing manufacturers of food tins and beverage cans to measure the force needed to lift the ring pull and open the container. This development could signal the end of consumer frustration with trying to open metal packaging that is too stiff, or where the ring pull detaches from the lid.

Understanding and quantifying the force needed to use a ring pull is vital for both packaging manufacturers and their customers to ensure safety, functionality and consumer experience.

The force required to open tins and cans is dictated by the shape of the ring pull and lid, their materials and the depth of the groove in the lid. Until now, only subjective methods were available for assessing ‘force to pull’, which made it difficult to identify the design that provided both ease of use and packaging integrity.

The rig works by locking the product in place on the TA.XTplus texture analyser and attaching a hook adapter to its ring pull. The hook is pulled upwards, mimicking the action of a person opening the can, while measuring the force needed to lift the ring pull and finally break the seal.

The universal design of the Ring Pull Rig means non-circular shapes, such as meat or fish cans, can also be accurately analysed. The flexibility of Exponent software has also allowed the development of a special test for tins that require a two-step pulling action.

The rig first measures the force needed to break the seal before pausing and allowing the user to adjust the hook direction or rotate the tin. The second part of the test then measures the force required to peel and remove the metal lid completely. By understanding the force needed to open cans and tins, packaging designers and engineers can find the correct balance between safety and convenience for the consumer.

The Ring Pull Rig aims to give manufacturers a detailed analysis of opening behaviours so they can optimise future product development. When the device is used with a Video Capture and Synchronisation System, the user is able to replay the test data frame-by-frame for an even more powerful in-depth analysis.

The Ring Pull Rig can also be enhanced with the use of an Acoustic Envelope Detector, to capture and measure the ‘fizz’ sound of a carbonated drink.

This rig is a Community Registered Design and is a continuation of the ever increasing range of innovative solutions for texture analysis.

To find out more about the Ring Pull Rig, please email us...

See the Ring Pull Rig at work in this video

Our Connect range of Texture Analysers provide the latest step forward in improving your texture analysis experience. A new specification take us yet another step further ahead in the field of texture analysis and product property characterisation.

This new range of instruments will provide many additional and beneficial features that will stretch the specification of our instruments further beyond the current capabilities of our competitors’ Texture Analysers.

Users will now have multiple options to operate their Texture Analyser:

Using your phone, tablet or laptop via a Web Browser Interface: If your instrument is connected to your Ethernet, this could be your preferred simple way to operate a Texture Analyser. You will be able to set up and run tests from a PC or mobile device of your choosing, whether this is a phone or tablet, as the Browser Interface is non-specific to the mobile operating system. Test data can be downloaded and saved to your network directly from this interface. Multiple Texture Analysers can also be setup and controlled by one device.

Using a Touchscreen: This allows a user to operate the Texture Analyser in a simple ‘stand-alone mode’. It provides a rapid and simple means of setting up and performing tests and controlling the TA. It can be used to view basic results (including a summary test curve after each test). Test files can be stored within the instrument and uploaded to Exponent Connect or a USB data stick when convenient.

Using Software: This is the most feature-rich texture analysis option available for your every need and now has the ability to capture test data at 2000 points per second (and at variable rates throughout a test). This higher acquisition rate (2000pps) detects up to four times as many force changes per second as the existing rate (500pps) and so it is very well-suited to applications involving high rate fracture, such as crispiness, or high speed events, such as in the measurement of adhesives or brittle samples.

The instruments will now provide more ‘connectivity’ possibilities – a technical feature that is becoming an expectation of electronics products. Owners of multiple instruments will have the ability to network all of their Texture Analysers to set them up and collect data remotely via Ethernet.

Standard engineering calculations have now also been built into the software for quick calculation of specific moduli, stresses, strains, strengths and energies which are particularly suited to materials testing applications.

An upgrade path from your existing instrument to the new Connect specification is possible to protect the initial capital investment of your original texture analyser purchase. Find out more

We hope you’ll get connected for more texture analysis innovation you will love!

Request a brochure

A protective screen is sometimes a necessary accessory to protect the operator in the event of sample fragments leaving the test area during a test.

A Safety Screen is available for operator protection from such fragments or violent failures of specimens such as hard and brittle materials that may shatter or create projectiles upon failure. In addition, there are instruments used by multiple and/or unskilled operators that may prefer the installation of such a screen for an extra degree of operator safety.

The screen is constructed of a strong yet lightweight acrylic panel which allows clear observation during a test whilst minimising weight. A handle at the front of the instrument provides the means to lift the screen. An interlock mechanism requires that the screen is at its lowest ‘closed’ position prior to starting a test and will interrupt the test in the event that the screen is lifted up during a test. Upon lifting, any test that is underway will immediately stop and an audible signal will be produced. The screen has dampers which enable the panel to remain at any lifted position without dropping down.

The design is such that the screen works within the existing footprint of the Texture Analyser with no additional bench space required. We are happy to inform you that it is, in fact, the only Texture Analyser that currently has safety in mind!

Email us for more details.

The cosmetics industry frequently promises softer, suppler hair after the use of their products, or promises that certain traditionally harmful methods (such as bleaching) will have no adverse effect. The difficulty comes in testing these properties in an imitative, repeatable way. The Hair Suppleness Rig allows the measurement of the resistance of a hair sample to being run through a set of smooth bars, representative of running fingers through the hair on a human head.

Some changes to the physical properties of hair are intentional (the addition of conditioners or serum for added smoothness), whereas some are unintentional (bleaching, which induces brittleness and stiffness). No matter the property in question, the quantification of hair properties is important to the development of new hair products and treatments. Sensory panels are useful, as hair is a product with a complex pattern of properties and variables, so it is a challenge to measure its properties exactly as a consumer might feel them when they are styling their hair, or what they take to mean ‘softness to the touch’. However, instrumental testing is much faster to perform, and the results of an instrumental test do not rely on the operator, unlike those of a sensory test, no matter how thorough sensory training has been. Consequently, instrumental quantification of hair properties should be a standard part of any hair testing routine.

Assessments of hair such as tensile testing and three-point bend testing are useful for keeping a record of more fundamental properties, but imitative tests such as the measurement of combing force, volume and body measurement via laser profiling, and this suppleness test are useful for representing hair in the way in which it is felt and used in reality.

The force detected by the loadcell when a hair sample is pulled through this rig is made up of several factors:
1) The stiffness of the hair fibres (as they have to constantly bend on their way up through the rods).
2) The friction between hair strands (as they rub against each other constantly when the tress is being pulled upward).
3) The friction between the hair strands and the rig (as they are pulled against the surface of the rig itself).

An alteration to any of these factors will have an effect on the measured force. A higher force represents a higher resistance to motion through the rods of the rig. A suppler hair sample will have a lower resistance to motion, and in turn, suppler hair on a person’s head feels flexible and smooth when fingers are run through it.

This is similar to subjecting a sample to a three-point bend test, but the bending configuration is slid along the length of the tress- i.e., continuous three-point bending. Bending tests can be challenging to set up in a reproducible way, particularly for suppler samples that cannot support their own weight without drooping, so this test is a simpler alternative that can be directly related to the consumer’s perception of their own hair texture.

To discover other ways of testing hair and hair products using a Texture Analyser, click here.

The development of Texture Analysers has opened up a wealth of opportunities for adhesive testing and analysis. Most recently the ability to replay, freeze-frame and share your product testing data using a Video Capture and Synchronisation System has been introduced. This is a fantastic tool for teaching others about the nature of your product and for those new to the field or, more importantly, to help you gain a frame-by-frame understanding of your product failure.

Capturing tests on video alongside traditional adhesive testing can be a real advantage to texture analysis users. Events in an experiment can be easily missed by the human eye, whether due to the speed of the test or to the physical structure of the sample; adhesive separation, for example, can occur very quickly. However, matching up visual and graphical information after a test can be awkward if the data are not synchronised. For example, correlating peaks and troughs on a force-distance-time graph to specific moments in the test can be tricky, even if the video of the experiment is faultless. This is especially the case where a product has an uneven texture or a complex breaking pattern.

Stable Micro Systems’ Video Capture and Synchronisation System enables Texture Analyser users to replay 50fps video recordings frame by frame, simultaneously with the corresponding force-distance-time graph. All of the collected data is processed by the Exponent software – supplied with the TA.XTplus texture analyser. As the instrument begins collecting test data, a signal is relayed to the Video Capture Interface that initiates the video recording.

Each frame is automatically synchronised with the data points on the graph, allowing slow replay of those frames that record a significant event, but which may not be easily seen by the naked eye in real time. This enables the exact relation of graph events to visual events on the product.

The test platform with camera mounting points fits easily to the test bed of the TA.XTplus Texture Analyser. The camera on its flexible arm can be positioned above or directly to the side of the test sample, but may also be mounted below the transparent window of the test platform, with additional illumination in any case being provided by the optional multiple-LED lighting arrangement.

Find out more about this new technology.

Increasing sample throughput of adhesive testing is another area of interest. The Multi-head Indexing Probe is an application for the Automated Linear Indexing System that allows adhesives to be tested without manual intervention between tests or the need to clean/dry probes in between sample tests.

This thereby allows for ‘walk-away’ time from testing due to the system being able to automatically index to a new probe after each test.

The video shown here gives an example of how the Automated Indexing System can operate with this Multi-head Indexing Probe.

The Multi-head Indexing Probe is also available separately for those users who just wish to speed up their testing whilst manually indexing the probe to the next clean probe during testing, to avoid stopping to clean and dry between tests.

Both ways of using this Multi-head Indexing Probe serve to increase your sample throughput to get your data collected in less time by saving the necessary cleaning to the end of multiple tests.

The Application Studies library in Exponent continues to expand with the addition of new methods and fixtures that are available to use. These studies demonstrate a viable test method for a wide range of specific products, and also act as an ideal starting point for studying similar products. Detailed reports present typical results and interpretation and included projects ready to automatically load all of the files necessary to get testing.

The following studies and projects have been added in version 7.0.6.0 – so here’s what we’ve been working on:

Cosmetics

Suppleness measurement of hair tresses (HAIR4/HSR)

Dairy

Cheese relaxation measurement and analysis using rheology equations (CHE6/P45)

Fruit

Compression measurement on cob nuts to measure the force required to crack shells including max/min acceptance bands (NUT2/P40)

Compression of dried apple samples over three days of staling (APP2/OTC)

Materials

Bend testing of brittle ceramic samples for Young’s modulus and fracture stress (CER1/3PB)

Measurement of the vertical shear strength and bulk density of mouldable sand (SAND1/PVS)

Unconfined compression testing of soil samples (SOIL1/UYS)

Pasta

Bending resistance/flexure and elastic modulus of dry spaghetti: advanced analysis (PTA7/SFR)

Vegetables

Compression of hydrated vegetable protein (PRO1/OTC)

Firmness and stiffness measurement of tofu using a 6mm cylinder probe (TOFU2/P6)

There has also been the update of an existing project for tablet diametral testing: Failure behaviour, brittleness index and tensile strength of tablets due to diametral compression using a cylinder probe (TAB1/P25). This application study now includes background and a project for the testing of biconvex tablets that has a different formula to that of cylinder shaped tablets.

To gain access to all of these application studies and their ready-to-use projects update your Exponent Connect software to the latest version, free of charge.

Did you know that you now have the opportunity to upgrade your TA.XTplus Texture Analyser to the new Connect specification and take advantage of the new features that are available. At the same time, you will protect the initial capital investment of your original texture analyser purchase.

The upgrade path will provide more ‘connectivity’ possibilities for your instrument – a technical feature that is becoming an expectation of electronics products. Owners of multiple instruments will have the ability to network all of their Texture Analysers to set them up and collect data remotely via Ethernet. Users will now have multiple ways to operate their Texture Analyser:

Using a Touchscreen: This allows a user to operate the Texture Analyser in a simple ‘stand-alone mode’. It provides a rapid and simple means of setting up and performing tests and controlling the TA. It can be used to view basic results (including a summary test curve after each test). Test files can be stored within the instrument and uploaded to Exponent Connect or a USB data stick when convenient.

Using a Web Browser Interface on your phone, tablet or laptop: If your instrument is connected to your Ethernet, this could be your preferred simple way to operate a Texture Analyser. You will be able to set up and run tests from a PC or mobile device of your choosing, whether this is a phone or tablet, as the Browser Interface is non-specific to the mobile operating system. Test data can be downloaded and saved to your network directly from this interface. Multiple Texture Analysers can also be setup and controlled by one device.

Using Exponent Connect Software: This is the most feature-rich texture analysis option available for your every need and now has the ability to capture test data at 2000 points per second (and at variable rates throughout a test). This higher acquisition rate (2000pps) detects up to four times as many force changes per second as your existing rate (500pps) and so it is very well-suited to applications involving high rate fracture, such as crispiness, or high speed events, such as in the measurement of adhesives or brittle samples.

Standard engineering calculations have now also been built into the software for quick calculation of specific moduli, stresses, strains, strengths and energies which are particularly suited to materials testing applications.

This upgrade will take you another step further ahead in the field of texture analysis and product property characterisation. We hope you’ll get connected for more texture analysis innovation you will love!

Request a brochure

When penetrating, extruding or cutting a sample during a test it is common that the sample sometimes needs to be held down manually in order to avoid it being lifted up with the withdrawing probe or fixture.

The penetration of a margarine sample, the cutting of a piece of meat or the backward extrusion of a thick moisturising cream are typical examples when this may occur.

The resulting measured forces of this occurrence will be displaying the weight of the material (and/or its supporting packaging) being lifted rather than the forces necessary to withdraw from the sample. If lifting of the sample occurs the graph that is obtained will not therefore reflect the entire true textural profile of the sample.

To assist with this problem we have designed a Universal Sample Clamp. This clamp is able to hold down a multitude of sample types, shapes and sizes, including the packaging which may contain the sample. The sample is placed on the base of the clamp. In the case of circular samples, the concentric rings will provided a means of central placing of the sample or its circular container. The top clamp can then be lowered down onto the sample and secured at a suitable clamping position using the post screws. A circular orifice provides suitable access for a cylinder probe up to 50mm in diameter, whilst the linear hole running through this provides access for a standard blade. The clamp has been designed to sit diagonally on the base of the instrument to optimise the available space under the orifice for maximum sample size flexibility.

This item is a Community Registered Design demonstrating Stable Micro Systems continued innovation and progression of texture analysis solutions.

Click or tap here for more information...

The Application Studies library in Exponent continues to expand with the addition of new methods and fixtures that are available to use.

These studies demonstrate a viable test method for a wide range of specific products, and also act as an ideal starting point for studying similar products.

Detailed reports present typical results and interpretation and included projects ready to automatically load all of the files necessary to get testing. The following studies and projects have been added in version 7.0.4.0:

CONFECTIONERY

Comparison of the acoustic properties of two brands of popping candy (CANDY1/AED)

Vickers Hardness measurement of white and dark chocolate at -18°C, 4°C and 21°C (CHOC2/PV)

ELECTRONICS

Measurement of mechanical keyboard force and distance (KEY1/P7D)

Measurement of switch actuation force and distance (SWITCH1/P05S)

MATERIALS

Vickers Hardness measurement of HDPE, Cork & Pine (MATERIALS2/PV)

Measurement of the shear properties of a viscous polymer using the Mini Stickiness System (POL1/MSS)

Shore A and D Hardness measurement of polymers (POL2/PS)

PHARMACEUTICAL

Brinell Hardness measurement of dispersible tablets using HBS 5/7 (TAB4/PB)

Failure behaviour, brittleness index and tensile strength of tablets due to diametral compression using a cylinder probe (TAB1/P25)

In case you haven’t discovered the set of projects we included in the last version of Exponent, they were...

COSMETICS

Determination of the mechanical properties of liquid nail polish set into a film (NAIL4/FSR)

Measurement of the stiffness and toughness of nail wraps (NAIL2/TG)

Spreadability measurement of face mask samples (CRM4/SR)

Measurement of the firmness and springiness of makeup sponges (SPO1/P50)

Measure the spreadability of body moisturising creams (CRM3/SR)

Measure the energy of removal of moisturiser from sachets (CRM5/STE)

Hardness measurement of makeup pencils (PEN1/EP)

GELS

Measurement of the rupture stress, depression depth at failure and elasticity of an agar gel (GEL3/PK)

Measurement of burst strength of agar jelly pearls (GEL7/P1)

Measurement of firmness of tapioca pearls (GEL8/P1)

PASTA & NOODLES

Comparison of firmness of bulk noodles using a Triple Ring Cutting System (NOO3/TRCS)

Determination of cooked spaghetti firmness using the AACC (66-52.01) Standard method (PTA6/LKB-F2)

MATERIALS

Comparison of the Unconfined Yield Stress and flow functions of three powders (POW3/UYS)

Comparison of compaction and stress relaxation properties of three powders using 0.5” compaction probe (POW4/IPC05)

Measurement of compaction and relaxation properties of three powders using a 5mm cylinder probe (POW5/IPC5)

Measurement of Powder Cohesion, Bulk Density & Bridging using the Powder Flow Analyser

Measurement of the Compressibility, Bulk Density, Relaxation, Stiffness and Elastic Recovery of powders using a Split Vessel and Compression Probe on a Powder Flow Analyser (POW7/PFAC)

Find out more about our software

A new blade has been developed after extensive work carried out by a set of collaborators to improve the AACC method for cooked pasta quality/firmness measurement.

Whilst the existing blade (which is in accordance with AACC Standard method 66-50.01) will still be available, this new blade is to be used in accordance with the improved AACC standard method (66-52.01).

This method was approved in March 2019 by the AACCI from the study of methods for measuring spaghetti fully cooked time (FCT) and cooked spaghetti firmness. Absolute peak force, area to absolute peak force, total downstroke area, and total positive area are measured using this method.

The methods have been approved as AACCI Approved Methods 66-51.01 (sample preparation) and 66-52.01 (sample measurement), respectively, after the collaborative study showed high reproducibility between labs testing the same samples.

Find out more

The Multi-head Indexing Probe is another application for the Automated Linear Indexing System that allows adhesives to be tested without manual intervention between tests or the need to clean/dry probes in between sample tests.

This thereby allows for ‘walk-away’ time from testing due to the system being able to automatically index to a new probe after each test.

The video shown here gives an example of how the Automated Indexing System can operate with this Multi-head Indexing Probe.

The Multi-head Indexing Probe is also available separately for those users who just wish to speed up their testing whilst manually indexing the probe to the next clean probe during testing, to avoid stopping to clean and dry between tests.

Both ways of using this Multi-head Indexing Probe serve to increase your sample throughput to get your data collected in less time by saving the necessary cleaning to the end of multiple tests.

The TTC Spreadability Rig has become one of the most popular rigs used on the Texture Analyser for the measurement of both semi-solid and solid samples.

Listening to feedback we have received from users of this rig we have decided to provide the option of a catchment collar to collect the sample that has extruded from the sample pot, thereby making clean-up easier.

The collar is in the form of a ring that easily sits around the sample pot and is located at the same height to collect any sample that has overflowed. The ring is quickly removable, ready to place on the next pot, or alternatively made available in sets of 5 for each of the pots that are included with the rig.

For users who have the Spreadability Rig already, this attachment can be ordered to improve your existing testing and cleaning regime.

For those users who have not yet seen the Spreadability Rig in action, you can watch an example test by clicking or tapping here...

... for use on your Texture Analyser

Vickers Hardness Probe

Vickers testing has been a very widely-used technique for many materials for decades due to simple data analysis and test preparation.

Many applications demand a tip made from a very hard material such as diamond or sapphire, as the indenter must be significantly harder than the material under investigation. However, stainless steel is suitable for testing many softer materials such as tablets, soap, fruit and vegetables, cheese, chocolate and some polymers.

Traditionally, Vickers hardness is calculated by inputting the indentation diagonals into a standard formula. However, instrumented indentation on a Texture Analyser allows automatic hardness analysis without the use of a microscope. It also enables other parameters such as stress relaxation and elastic-plastic energy ratios to be calculated. 

This stainless steel Vickers indenter is designed for fast and repeatable hardness testing of soft materials, such as those often used in the food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries.

Shore Hardness Probes (A and D)

Shore durometers are used to determine indentation hardness of materials by using a measurement of resistance to deformation.

A and D are the two most commonly used scales and have slightly different geometries. These probes are generally used as an empirical test for quality control as well as research and development rather than the investigation of a material’s properties. It is attractive for these purposes as it is a quick test to perform, and the hardness scale is easy to understand (although cannot be equated to other indentation hardness measurements). 

The majority of Shore hardness testing is carried out on standard and vulcanised rubber, thermoplastic elastomers, gels and plastics. Before measuring any of these materials, it is necessary to refer to Shore reference tables, as some materials are better suited to Shore methods other than A and D.

Exponent software now holds suitable projects ready to test Vickers and Shore Hardness using these probes.

Click or tap here to see a summary of the types of probes and fixtures available for materials testing applications by requesting our new materials testing flier; or...

For more information on these new probes, please email us...

Stickiness is a difficult attribute to measure. It can be defined as simply the force of adhesion when two surfaces are contacted with each other. In most materials, the adhesion force is a combination of an adhesive force and a cohesive force.

It is when the adhesive force is high and the cohesive force is low that material is perceived as being sticky. This stickiness property can be either a positive (desirable) or negative (undesirable) characteristic of a product but is very much product dependent. Using a Texture Analyser this characteristic can be quantified in order to determine whether the property is within the correct range for the particular product to either function or be consumed according to expectations.

The Warburtons Dough Stickiness Rig has proven very popular as a means of testing the stickiness of dough samples. The Warburtons Rig has two sizes which suit the size of the dough pieces (500g and 1000g) that come off the production line, which is the reason for its current dimensions.

However, we have been asked for a similar means of testing smaller samples which may also accommodate semi-solid materials other than dough. The new Mini Stickiness System provides a similar means of testing and is located on the Heavy Duty Platform (which will be required to use this new fixture).

To measure adhesive properties, it is imperative to have a clean separation at the probe‐material interface. The fixture consists of a sample testing box into which samples can be placed quickly and a retaining plate is placed on top of the sample, applying slight compression to the sample. A narrow blade is driven through a slot in the retaining plate, to a defined distance. This action provides operators with an accurate assessment of the compression peak and compression area of the sample, indicators of its consistency (firmness / softness).

As the blade is withdrawn upwards, Exponent software calculates the adhesion peak and adhesion area. The higher the peak, and/or larger the area, the stickier the sample.

This fixture is likely to be popular due to the high speed of the test and the ease of removing the blade for cleaning between tests therefore increasing sample throughput.

Users of the Powder Flow Analyser (1) will now be interested to know that we now have split vessels available for the measurement of bulk density, as well as a new probe which attaches to the PFA motor for the measurement of compressibility.

Using the split vessel (2), excess powder can now be discarded after the usual two conditioning cycles using the standard PFA blade. This leaves behind a precise volume of powder. Knowing this exact volume, along with the weight of the powder (that the PFA load cell measures), conditioned bulk density can be measured accurately and automatically.

The split vessel adds an extra benefit of a flat pre-compression surface once the extra powder has been discarded and the subsequent testing of volumes of sample that are exactly the same. At this point in the test project, the user is instructed to remove the PFA blade and attach the compressibility probe (3). Once the probe initially reaches the surface of the powder and registers a force of 10g, the “initial bulk density” is recorded.

The probe continues to push on the powder until it reaches a force of 5000g. The more compressible the powder, the further the probe will travel during this time. Here, “compressibility” is defined as the ratio between the final and initial bulk densities:

This is equivalent to the Carr Index often used for powder analysis. In general, a more free flowing powder is less compressible (as the powder particles have already flowed into a more close-packed state). This corresponds to a small increase in bulk density with stress and a low compressibility.

A more cohesive powder tends to show the opposite behaviour and a high compressibility. Holes are present in the compression probe to allow for air pockets to be released during compression from the underlying powder column. Along with the measurement of Compressibility and Bulk Density additional parameters can also be measured within this test after it has been split into three sections: Stiffness, Relaxation and Elastic Modulus. Current users of the PFA projects will notice that projects in Exponent have now been included to measure compressibility and existing projects updated to include the measurement of bulk density when using the split vessel, as shown opposite (4,5).

To optimise 'walk away time' from the PFA, you may wish to use a new project that ties all three standard PFA tests together (cohesion, PFSD and caking) and runs them sequentially on the sample – this new project is called ‘Three PFA Tests in One’ (6).

This is now included in the sample PFA projects; it is not advisable on a sample that is likely to have a high degree of segregation or attrition, but may otherwise be found useful on many samples if sample quantity and test time are limited. It is highly recommended that the help file for each test is studied before performing the sequential test, so there is a good understanding of what each test does.

The project is set up to perform tests in order with cohesion first, followed by PFSD then caking. This order has been chosen so the least destructive tests are performed before the most destructive (caking) so the tests are most representative of using a new sample each time.

We hope you will find these new processes useful.

Anyone who has handled powders has almost certainly come across a clogged hopper, and will know that this is caused by caking, arching or rat-holing.

To measure the tendency of a powder to show these properties, the main property to consider is the powder’s bulk resistance to the initiation of flow. This helps to imitate the consolidation that occurs under the powder’s own weight when the outlet is shut and the feeder is switched off. It is when the outlet is opened and the feeder started again that the blockages can build up.

The likelihood of a blockage forming depends on both the properties of the powder and the conditions surrounding it (humidity, temperature, stress state, hopper geometry). A vertical shear test provides a method to test the commencement of flow of a powder from a packed state, imitating a filled hopper. This test can also help to determine the correct hopper outlet size for reliable flow.

The Powder Vertical Shear Rig is now available as yet another application that can be performed on powder samples using the Texture Analyser. During the test, a known mass of powder is transferred to the main body of the rig and compressed to a known force to create a uniform cake of powder. A trapdoor below the powder cake is released, exposing a circular surface of the cake.

A probe slightly smaller than the hole then pushes a plug of the powder cake through the bottom of the rig. The powder is put into an almost perfect shear state (where the force is parallel with the powder movement).

This Community Registered Design offers a unique means of consolidating the powder, removing the applied force and testing the resulting sample without disruption by user handling.

Using a special sequence and macro created in Exponent software, which guides the user through the procedure, the important parameter of ‘vertical shear strength’ is automatically calculated once tests are complete.

We have identified a requirement for powder compaction testing at lower compaction forces than the existing methods – which require a TA.HDplus Texture Analyser.

To meet this need, two low force powder compaction fixtures – providing indexable testing of 10 samples up to 50kg (A/IPC0.5) and 10kg (A/IPC5) – have been developed, which also serve to increase useability and efficiency.

Once the first sample is centralised with the testing probe, subsequent samples can simply be moved along via a ‘quick-click’ mechanism which aligns the next test ready to go, therefore increasing sample throughput.

Compaction properties of powders can be assessed using target force or target distance modes. Many powder compacts are formed to a target distance and so the Powder Compaction Rigs can be used to assess required force. New advances in tabletting machines allow compression to a target force resulting in powder compacts with constant porosity.

The Indexable Powder Compaction Rig can be used with target force mode to assess the effect of fill level/weight on tablet thickness. In addition, by looking at the loading, hold, and unloading periods of a hold until time graph the information on compressibility, relaxation, stiffness and elastic recovery can be calculated.

Many years ago we introduced the Film Support Rig, which was developed as a test for measuring the resilience of thin, film-like products.

The Film Support Rig is used in conjunction with the TA.XTplus texture analyser to measure the burst strength and resilience of a variety of personal care and pharmaceutical products including oral hygiene strips, plasters, bandages, polymer film, micropore tape, synthetic skin and latex, amongst other ‘Edible Film’ applications finding their way into the food industry.

By way of increasing useability and efficiency, we are now introducing the Indexable Film Support Rig, which allows the setup of multiple film samples ready for testing.

Once the first sample is centralised with the testing probe, subsequent samples can simply be moved along via a ‘quick-click’ mechanism which aligns the next test ready to go, thereby increasing sample throughput. The resilience and relaxation properties of the product can also be measured. Resilience can be assessed by depressing the film surface to a chosen distance before retracting the ball probe. The property is calculated using a ratio of the work of compression and work of withdrawal. Similarly, relaxation can be measured with the addition of a hold period within the test to allow the product’s recovery to be evaluated.

Both these properties broaden the application of the Film Support Rig. Burst strength, resilience and relaxation are important factors in determining the mechanical properties of a product, allowing manufacturers to optimise product structure and formulation.

Using the new Indexable Film Support Rig, film manufacturers can improve the speed that they assess the mechanical properties of their products during packaging and handling, ensuring that they are adequately robust.

A protective screen is sometimes a necessary accessory to protect the operator in the event of sample fragments leaving the test area during a test.

A Safety Screen is now available for operator protection from such fragments or violent failures of specimens such as hard and brittle materials that may shatter or create projectiles upon failure. In addition, there are instruments used by multiple and/or unskilled operators that may prefer the installation of such a screen for an extra degree of operator safety.

The screen is constructed of a strong yet lightweight acrylic panel which allows clear observation during a test whilst minimising weight. A handle at the front of the instrument provides the means to lift the screen. An interlock mechanism requires that the screen is at its lowest ‘closed’ position prior to starting a test and will interrupt the test in the event that the screen is lifted up during a test. Upon lifting, any test that is underway will immediately stop and an audible signal will be produced. The screen has dampers which enable the panel to remain at any lifted position without dropping down.

The design is such that the screen works within the existing footprint of the Texture Analyser with no additional bench space required. We are happy to inform you that it is, in fact, the only Texture Analyser that currently has safety in mind!

See more Texture Analyser accessories...

With the Volscan Profiler, manufacturers have a precise and fast method for the measurement of volume and density of uniform and non-uniform solid products, in order to be able to routinely characterise the structure and quality of solid materials.

For customers who are looking for ways to support solid materials, or types of products, that cannot be supported by our current array of spikes using the Standard Product Support or Universal Product Support, we have a new innovative option.

Users can now choose to have an additional alternative product support which accommodates circular disposable inserts magnetically. These provide the means to ‘adhere’ their sample to the insert and allow for quick removal and replacement between tests. Disposable inserts are provided in batches of 50 and may or may not be reusable, according to the chosen adhesive for sample anchoring.

There is now a new method for measuring Unconfined Yield Strength of Powder, using your existing Texture Analyser.

In industries that handle powders on a regular basis, it is very important to understand how a powder or granular material responds to pressure. In storage, the weight of powder in a container exerts pressure on the particles at the bottom. If the powder has good flow behaviour, it will not consolidate and will flow out of the silo or hopper without sticking – this is very desirable.

Unconfined Yield Stress is a simple technique that can be used to analyse the flow behaviour of many different types of powders and the change in this behaviour with different consolidation stresses and times. The measurement is made by filling a chosen weight of powder sample into a tube and using a compression piston which applies a chosen consolidation force for a specified time. After consolidation, the tube is slid upwards above the consolidation probe and held up via a support disc, before the probe moves back down to compress the freestanding column of powder which “yields”.

Formulae are built into Exponent software which are able to collect the required parameters and calculate the Unconfined Yield Stress which then allows a “flow factor” to be plotted and used to compare between samples. The larger the flow factor, the more easily the powder will flow after any given consolidation pressure.

This assessment of powder characteristics is yet another measurement that the Texture Analyser can perform on powdered materials, alongside the functionality offered by the Powder Flow Analyser.

A Nail Polish Adhesion Rig and method have been developed by Stable Micro Systems to provide the solution to this assessment requirement.

During the polish drying time test, a channel 20cm long is filled with polish to a depth of 0.5 mm and wiped level using a glass rod. At this point a timer within the Exponent software test sequence is started. This channel is seated on top of the Adhesive Indexing System that has ten detents and so ten test sites are available by simply sliding the platform along. A 1 inch detented ball probe* is used for the tests, which can be turned to allow a clean test site without either replacing the probe or the requirement to clean and dry the probe between tests. This is used to perform an adhesive test at the first test site.

A specific force is held for 5 seconds to allow a bond to form. The probe is then quickly withdrawn, breaking the nail polish bonds, and the force to do this is measured. The channel is moved along to the next site and the test repeated. A set of ten tests are performed in this way with pre-set time delays between the tests. Tests are performed over the whole drying period of the polish.

The series of adhesion tests is automated by a unique test sequence developed in Exponent software, with parameters such as the delay between tests, the number of repeats, applied force and holding time adjusted by the user if necessary. Additionally, an analysis macro is available to measure the above four properties across all repeats at the press of a button. With the addition of instruction messages in the sequence this provides a user-friendly solution for this type of product testing.

Stable Micro Systems has once again extended its range of Texture Analysers and presented a single column instrument capable of measuring force up to 100kg.

The addition of the TA.XTplus100 model also offers an improved distance resolution which is doubled to 0.0005mm. This capability will be of major interest to those (particularly in the pharmaceutical industry) who require fine distance control/ measurement of, for example, small granules/beads/particles.

This instrument model also offers the following benefits:

• More capacity for the same laboratory bench space (footprint).

• Stiffer structure for higher force applications – half micron at 20mm/s

• The ability to use those attachments – e.g. Ottawa Cell, Kramer Shear Cell – that usually require the high force capacity of a TA.HDplus.

• An extended height model option at this 100kg capacity to provide more testing distance for high force extensional applications.

• More location points for the attachment of accessories such as temperature devices, lights, humidity probe, cameras etc.

Visit the TA.XTplus100 page...

A new rig has been developed to allow manufacturers of food tins and beverage cans to measure the force needed to lift the ring pull and open the container.

This new development could signal the end of consumer frustration with trying to open metal packaging that is too stiff, or where the ring pull detaches from the lid.

Understanding and quantifying the force needed to use a ring pull is vital for both packaging manufacturers and their customers to ensure safety, functionality and consumer experience. The force required to open tins and cans is dictated by the shape of the ring pull and lid, their materials and the depth of the groove in the lid. Until now, only subjective methods were available for assessing ‘force to pull’, which made it difficult to identify the design that provided both ease of use and packaging integrity.

The rig works by locking the product in place on the TA.XTplus texture analyser and attaching a hook adapter to its ring pull. The hook is pulled upwards, mimicking the action of a person opening the can, while measuring the force needed to lift the ring pull and finally break the seal.

The universal design of the Ring Pull Rig means non-circular shapes, such as meat or fish cans, can also be accurately analysed. The flexibility of Exponent software has also allowed the development of a special test for tins that require a two-step pulling action. The rig first measures the force needed to break the seal before pausing and allowing the user to adjust the hook direction or rotate the tin. The second part of the test then measures the force required to peel and remove the metal lid completely.

Extensive work has been carried out at the Wheat Marketing Center in Oregon, USA by Gary Hou and his team.

They use a particular type of perspex blade on their TA.XTplus Texture Analyser to measure noodle firmness which has now become internationally popular and therefore has been included in the Stable Micro Systems probe and fixture range.

The rig can be seen in use here in a video of Noodle firmness testing...

There are few people in the world who know as much about noodles as Gary Hou of the Wheat Marketing Center.

In addition to the hands-on short courses that he offers through the Wheat Marketing Center, he is also editor of 'Asian Noodles: Science, Technology and Processing'.

For texture analyser users who are looking for ways to increase their sample testing throughput and improve the convenience of probe attachment to their texture analyser, we now have two innovative options.

Users can now choose to have a converter fitted to their probes to allow for quick removal and replacement between tests.

Either a ‘magnetic’ coupling or ‘quick-twist’ attachment for the probe is available (in batches of 5). These quick probe removal and replacement options are the first of their kind in texture analysis and support the need for test procedures that have efficiency and/or convenience in mind.

Whilst a magnetic coupling might be the favoured attachment action it is not suited to the testing of samples that do not have a flat surface or samples that have an adhesive force measurement exceeding 1.5kg. The ‘quick-twist’ probe attachment is suited to all applications and load cells.

These have Community Design Registration – proving our commitment to new innovation testing solutions.

Bulk testing can now be performed with a Triple Ring Cutting System which allows the determination of the textural properties of small non-uniform samples in smaller quantities.

The design of the test head is based around a cutting array of concentric rings which provides a large cutting surface area in a relatively small device. This enables the testing of a monolayer of sample in a 95mm diameter vessel – a suitable choice to contain the sample to an optimum depth for cutting.

The concentric rings cut into the sample during a test (to a chosen distance above the vessel base) and force the sample to breakdown whereby the force during this procedure is gathered. The higher the maximum force and area under the curve the firmer is the sample which would be perceived by the consumer upon eating. A centralising platform ensures the test vessel can be quickly located in the ideal test position whilst a magnetic coupling of the test head allows for quick removal and replacement between tests for cleaning.

This magnetic quick removal system is the first of its kind in texture analysis and supports the need for test procedures that have efficiency in mind. The Cutting rings on the device are also removable for easy cleaning once all tests are complete.

The Triple Ring Cutting System is a Community Registered Design and is a continuation of the ever increasing range of innovative solutions for texture analysis.

At the 100th AACC Conference in Minneapolis in October 2015, the Volscan Profiler was awarded the Certificate of Approval as a Standard Method with reference 10-16.01.

This is good news for all operators in the cereal science and bakery product testing world who are encouraged by (or have greater preference for) methods that are approved by the AACC.

The Method was taken through a collaborative study with 9 other laboratories in 4 countries who followed the procedure and reported their results from the measurement of the same samples. The measurement of Volume, Length, Height and Width are all part of the Standard Method, making it the method with more scope in parameters and breadth of bakery samples than any similar method using competitive equipment.

The Volscan Profiler has also reported results that are more accurate and repeatable than any other volume measuring instrument.

If you would like to view a video of the Standard Method, please click here...